![]() Counter-illumination camouflage is common in marine organisms such as squid. ![]() A related mechanism, counter-illumination, adds the creation of light by bioluminescence or lamps to match the actual brightness of a background. The precise function of various patterns of animal coloration that have been called countershading has been debated by zoologists such as Hannah Rowland (2009), with the suggestion that there may be multiple functions including flattening and background matching when viewed from the side background matching when viewed from above or below, implying separate colour schemes for the top and bottom surfaces outline obliteration from above and a variety of other largely untested non-camouflage theories. In theory this could be useful for military camouflage, but in practice it has rarely been applied, despite the best efforts of Thayer and, later, in the Second World War, of the zoologist Hugh Cott. The classical form of countershading, discovered in 1909 by the artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, works by counterbalancing the effects of self-shadowing, again typically with grading from dark to light. This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid, and therefore easier to detect. When light falls from above on a uniformly coloured three-dimensional object such as a sphere, it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker, grading from one to the other. This pattern is found in many species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, and insects, both in predators and in prey. Illustration from the artist Abbot Thayer's 1909 book on camouflage of a Luna caterpillar Actias lunaĬountershading, or Thayer's law, is a method of camouflage in which an animal's coloration is darker on the top or upper side and lighter on the underside of the body. Camouflage to counteract self-shading Many animals, such as this grey reef shark, are countershaded.
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